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Burlington North of North Street

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Creator: Johnson, John, 1771-1842.
Date Created: 1841-10-14
Parent Collections: John Johnson Collection

Burlington: Henry Thomas land East of Courthouse Square, May 9, 1833

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Creator: Johnson, John, 1771-1842.
Date Created: May 9, 1833
Parent Collections: John Johnson Collection

Burlington: Lands sold of Deming's estate to George Edgecomb, Joseph Cook

Image

Creator: Johnson, John, 1771-1842.
Date Created: undated
Parent Collections: John Johnson Collection

Family portrait in front of a house

Image

Date Created: 1900
Description: Family portrait. Family in front of a house with vines prominently growing up the side. Four women are seated and one man is standing.
Parent Collections: Tennie Toussaint Photographs

Men and horses in front of a sugarhouse

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Date Created: 1900
Description: Portrait of men with horses and sled pulling maple sap into the sugarhouse.
Parent Collections: Tennie Toussaint Photographs

Village view with three teams of oxen

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Date Created: 1900
Description: Village view with three teams of oxen with three generations of men leading them. Also pictured are a man and two little girls standing by a tree and a woman seated against a house. Firewood is split and piled in two of the yards.
Parent Collections: Tennie Toussaint Photographs

House with family on porch

Image

Date Created: 1900
Description: Family standing on porch of house, barn pictured in background.
Parent Collections: Tennie Toussaint Photographs

Man leaning against a building next to a stream and dam

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Date Created: 1900
Description: Man leaning against a grist mill, one of the earliest buildings in North Danville, next to a stream and dam. The earliest mention of the mill is 1811 and it was taken down in 1913. Also pictured is a small truss bridge on a large stone foundation.
Parent Collections: Tennie Toussaint Photographs

Hay Harvesting in the 1940's

3 Objects

Creator: Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Carter, Robert McCrillis, 1902-
Date Created: 1940's
Description: In the 1940’s, Robert M. Carter, of the University of Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, conducted a study of hay harvesting techniques and costs in Vermont. This collection documents that work which resulted in several published studies and three films showing different hay harvesting techniques. The films capture hay harvesting at a time when there was an increasing use of power machinery, and they show a range of techniques including older methods of hand harvesting, as well as newer tractor driven methods. In Carter’s study he writes, “While nearly half of all farmers contacted relied upon horses for handling some field equipment, combinations of horse- and motor-operated equipment were frequent. Forty-one percent of the farmers owned tractors, and 21 percent had trucks.” These films capture hay harvesting right in the middle of the transition from horse to machine driven equipment. Vermont was still a predominantly agricultural state in the 1940’s and dairy was the largest agricultural sector, so hay harvesting was a subject of significant interest in the state. It was also a subject of importance outside of Vermont. Between 1946 and 1948, at least 28 studies on hay harvesting methods and costs were published (Vermont, Nebraska, Iowa, North Dakota, United States Department of Agriculture, New York, Maine, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, California, New Zealand, Colorado, Nevada, Washington, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Connecticut). The large number of studies demonstrates clearly that the point in time that these films capture was critical in terms of the development of hay harvesting. It captures an agricultural sector in a period of intense study and change. In Vermont, the cost of dairy farming was increasing which resulted in fewer and larger farms. The increased size of dairy herds led to greater requirements for feeding them. In a history of the State of Vermont, the authors note, “Wheat, buckwheat, and oats all but disappeared as cash crops for regional or national markets while farmers focused on raising hay, field corn, and other silage crops.” The authors also note that the greater focus on feed forced farmers to examine productivity and to adopt more mechanized and machine driven techniques. Again, the films document this transitional phase while simultaneously serving as evidence of the increased attention paid to issues of labor and cost-saving techniques. Robert Carter was a rural sociologist interested in labor saving techniques and systems. He studied the different ways that farmers harvested hay because “harvesting the hay crop is hard, tedious, expensive work.” His study investigated the efficiency of various hay harvesting methods. He looked at the following hay harvesting tasks: cutting grass, raking hay, bunching hay, loading hay, necessary travel carrying hay between field and barn, unloading hay, and mowing-away hay. He looked at the time spent on each task, the cost of the equipment used, crew size, idle time, time spent making repairs to equipment, the interrelationships between jobs, and the production yield. His study is thorough and provided benchmarks for farmers to measure their performance against as well as strategies for improving efficiency.

Justin Morrill Portrait

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Description: Portrait of Justin Smith Morrill, 1810-1898.
Parent Collections: Congressional Portraits

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